Classical Theories

P. Havas (1964) showed that Newtonian theory can be formulated in 4D. Michael Friedman took advantage of this result to characterize it, along with eight other classic theories in his book Foundations of Space-time Theories: Relativistic Physics and Philosophy of Science. It is a subtractive reconstruction where the most general geometric properties are restricted, as is the case of the curvature of the Riemann tensor. Note that the physical models are located at the bottom, leaving Special Relativity as a subconcept of General Relativity. Previous space-time models are located in the middle part. The upper part is dominated by topology, geometric objects and their characterizations, as detailed in the Space-Time Theories lattice. Find here a case of theorization and another of specialization.